正在編輯用戶:Hinnia/沙盒/History Notes (Leadership （章節）

== Third Crusade ==

=== Greater Enemy ===

* '''Saladin'''
** United Syria and Egypt
** '''1187: Captured Jerusalem''' in the Battle of Hattin
** Christian control of Outremer '''reduced to Tripoli and Antioch'''.
** 1189: Crusader states were in a desperate situation.
* In the Third crusade
** Saladin was at the '''peak of Jihadi strength'''
* Meanwhile in the second crusade
** The crusaders faced a Muslim enemy at the beginning of Jihadi strength

=== German First Wave ===

* Most effective crusading first wave
** Led by '''Frederick Barbarossa''' of Germany, aged 70, with 15k soldiers.
* However
** German participation began and ended unsuccessfully before Richard I and Philip II arrived.
** Byzantine had grown closer to the Turks
** Had an agreement with Saladin to delay the German journey.
** Frederick's army faced challenges and was not welcomed in the Byzantine Empire.
** Isaac prevented markets from being set up, cutting off German supplies.
** Troops seized control of Plovdiv
** Achieved a decisive victory against the Byzantines at Dhidimotikon.
** Frederick's troops were allowed to cross the Dardanelles in March.
** Captured Konya
** Frederick drowned while crossing River Goksu
* Frederick's death fractured the army and prevented it from turning the tide of the siege.

=== Richard I's Leadership ===

==== Sicily ====

* Went to Messina to collect his sister's dowry from '''Count Tancred of Lecce'''.
* Tancred refused
* Richard attacked Messina and gained control on October 4.
* Richard extorted '''40,000 gold ounces''' from Tancred to finance the crusade.

==== Cyprus ====

* Encountered missing ships that were stranded on Cyprus when leaving Sicily
* Invaded Cyprus
* Sold the island to the Templars for '''100,000 bezants'''.

==== Acre ====

* Philip arrived at Acre providing vital support for the siege.
* Richard joined Philip with his fleet and participated in the siege.
* Together, their forces destroyed the walls of Acre, and the Muslim garrison surrendered.
* A month-long '''argument over the king of Jerusalem''' delayed progress after the surrender.
* Guy became king for life, followed by Conrad.
* Philip returned to France on July 31, 1191, leaving Richard as the clear commander of the crusade.

==== Jaffa ====

* Richard initiated a plan to reclaim territory along the coast of Outremer
* Began a 70-mile march towards Jaffa.
* Well organised army
* Knights '''divided into three divisions''' and marching in columns.
* '''Infantry protected the knights''' from raids and surprise attacks
* Baggage train marched on the right.
* Leadership and careful planning '''ensured the safe arrival''' of the crusaders at Jaffa.
* Monitored the march formation closely and made preparations to maintain its integrity.

=== Consulting Local Leaders ===

* Goal of the Third Crusade: Recapture Jerusalem
* Army advanced towards Jerusalem
* Listened to advice from the Templars and Hospitallers
* Believed that the army could not win and that dealing with Saladin was necessary.
* Turned back to refortify the abandoned city of Ascalon.
* Sought a '''truce''' with Saladin
* Christians retaining control of the coastal territory
* Christian pilgrims allowed access to Jerusalem's holy shrines.

=== However ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Most disunited leadership

==== Angevian Capetian conflict ====

* Long-term rivalry
* Frederick Barbarossa and Richard are both effective leaders
* The rivalries between Richard and Philip hindered the Third Crusade to some extent

==== Betrothal of Richard and Alice ====

* Richard wanted to marry '''Berengaria''' of Navarre
** For an alliance against his old enemy '''Count Raymond of Toulouse'''.
** but was already betrothed to Alice, Philip's sister
* He hid this plan from Philip.

==== Rival claims to Jerusalem ====

* Two rival claimants:
** '''Conrad: Philip’s cousin'''
** '''Guy: feudatory of Richard'''
* Increased the strain on the crusade
* When Richard arrived at Tyre on 6 June
** Conrad refused to allow him entry
** Richard forced to sail directly to Acre and begin the siege without any respite
* Caused delay in the attempt to retake Jerusalem