正在編輯用戶:Ericchiueric/沙盒

{{Infobox referendum
| name = 2005 Brazilian firearms and ammunition referendum
| country = Brazil
| title = Should the commerce of firearms and ammunition be prohibited in Brazil?
| date = 23 October 2005
| yes = 33333045
| no = 59109265
| total = 95375824
| electorate = 122042615
| outcome = Brazil approves the commerce of firearms and ammunition. However, President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]] maintains the prohibition.
|map=2005 Brazilian firearms and ammunition referendum - Results by state.svg
|map_caption=Results by state<br />'''No'''{{legend|#DEDEBD|50–59%}}{{legend|#BCBC83|60–69%}}{{legend|#8B8B54|70–79%}}{{legend|#5d5d2d|80–89%}}
}}
{{Infobox referendum
| name = 1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
| title = Which form and which system of government should be applied in Brazil?
| date = 21 April 1993
| country = Brazil
| part1_subject = Form of government
| part1_choice1 = Presidentialism
| part1_percentage1 = 69.20
| part1_choice2 = Parliamentalism
| part1_percentage2 = 30.80
| part2_subject = System of government
| part2_choice1 = Republic
| part2_percentage1 = 86.60
| part2_choice2 = Monarchy
| part2_percentage2 = 13.40
}}

The '''1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum''' was held on 21 April 1993 to determine the [[form of government]] of the country.

After the re-democratization of Brazil, an article in the [[Constitution of Brazil|new Constitution]] determined the holding of a referendum for voters to decide if the country should remain a [[republic]] or become a [[monarchy]] again, and if the system of government should be [[presidential system|presidential]] or [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]]. Voting for "monarchy" and "presidentialism" in tandem would annul one's vote.

At the time, the country had been a republic for 104 years since the [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|coup d'état that overthrew the monarchy]] on 15 November 1889 and, apart from a brief parliamentarian experience between 1961 and 1963.

As to the 1993 referendum, the Constitution specified that [[National Congress of Brazil|Congress]], sitting in joint session, would be empowered to effect a revision of the Constitution in 1994 by an absolute majority instead of the qualified majority procedure with separate votes in both houses of Congress that is usually required for constitutional amendments; any change of regime decided during the referendum would be adopted during the said constitutional revision.

Federal Law n° 8.624, signed into law by President [[Itamar Franco]] on 4 February 1993, regulated the holding of the referendum.

An overwhelming majority of voters favoured the republican regime and the presidential system. In spite of heavy campaigning on TV and radio, [[voter turnout|turnout]] was relatively low (74.3%), considering that [[Compulsory voting|voting is compulsory]] in the country.

==Origin==
The attempted resurrection of the [[Empire of Brazil|imperial regime]] came from [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|federal deputy]] Antônio Henrique Bittencourt da Cunha Bueno (from [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]'s [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 1987-2003)|Social Democratic Party]]), a member of the Constituent Assembly which approved the [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution]] which put an end to the [[Brazilian military government|military regime]]. A monarchist since a child, and son of Antônio Sílvio Cunha Bueno, one of SDP's founders in São Paulo, he decided to propose to his fellow deputies the hold of a referendum to give the people the possibility to choose the [[form of government]] they preferred. His main argument was that during the reign of [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], Brazil had experienced a period of great stability. Surprisingly, his proposal was included in the new Constitution. Bueno managed to convince the Constituent Assembly that, since the Republic had been proclaimed in Brazil by means of a military coup d'état in 1889, without any say of the people, the Brazilian Nation should be given the chance of deciding the form of Government of their choice. Given that, when the Constitution was approved in 1988, the country was in a process of returning to democracy after a long military regime, the idea of giving the people the opportunity to decide their form of Government (either choosing the restoration of the Monarchy or opting for the Republic, an option that would give popular legitimacy to a form of Government that had been first imposed in a military coup) gained wide support in the Constituent Assembly. Also, several members of the Assembly were in favour of a parliamentary republic (the original drafts of the Constitution provided for a parliamentary system of government within a republic, but a vote by the Assembly altered the draft so as to preserve the presidential Executive); those members of the Assembly who favored a parliamentary model and who had been defeated in the system of government vote then supported the proposal that led to the inclusion in the Constitution of the provision summoning the referendum. The supporters of a parliamentary republic, who desired only a referendum on the system of government (parliamentary or presidential) voted in favour of Bueno's proposal for a question also dealing with the form of Government (monarchy or republic), because they reckoned that all monarchists would also vote for a parliamentary model in the system of government question.

In May 1992, Bueno launched the ''Parliamentary Monarchist Movement'' alongside [[Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza|Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza]], then head of the Petrópolis branch of the [[Brazilian Imperial Family]] and one of the two claimants to the defunct Brazilian throne.According to him, only ''[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|petistas]]'' were able to rival the monarchist militancy.On 4 February 1993, President [[Itamar Franco]] signed into law the bill N° 8.624, which regulated the holding of the referendum.

==Campaign==
According to some polling institutes, the monarchist campaign was able to obtain the support of 22% of the voters in 1992. Concerned about this, the main political parties at that time, such as [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]], [[Democrats (Brazil)|PFL]], [[Brazilian Democratic Movement Party|PMDB]] and [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|PTB]] formed the so-called ''Presidential Front'' on one side and the ''Parliamentary Front'' ([[Brazilian Social Democratic Party|PSDB]]) at the other side in order to oppose the ambitions of [[royalist]] groups. In spite of the defeat obtained by the monarchist movement, their [[slogan]] ''Vote for the king'' ({{lang-pt|Vote no rei!}}) became one of the most well known in the history of Brazilian electoral campaigns, and 13.4% of the voters supported a monarchical regime.

==Results==
===Valid votes===
{| width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style="text-align: center;"
| width=10% style="background-color: #fcc;" | Monarchical regime:<br/>''6,843,196'' '''(13.4%)'''
| width=13% style="background-color: red;" |
| width=87% style="background-color: blue;" |
| width=10% style="background-color: #ccf;" | Republican regime:<br/>''44,266,608'' '''(86.6%)'''
|-
| colspan=4 style="text-align: center; line-height: 70%;" | '''▲'''
|}

{| width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style="text-align: center;"
| width=10% style="background-color: #fcc;" | Parliamentary system:<br/>''16,518,028'' '''(30.8%)'''
| width=30% style="background-color: red;" |
| width=70% style="background-color: blue;" |
| width=10% style="background-color: #ccf;" | Presidential system:<br/>''37,156,884'' '''(69.2%)'''
|-
| colspan=4 style="text-align: center; line-height: 70%;" | '''▲'''
|}

===Total votes===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
!colspan="5"|Government regime
|-
|- bgcolor="EFEFEF"
! Regime
! Votes
! % of votes
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] [[Republic]]
| align=right| 44,266,608
| align=right| 66.0
|- 
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] [[Monarchy]]
| align=right| 6,843,196
| align=right| 10.2
|-
| [[Blank vote|Blank]]
| align=right| 7,030,815
| align=right| 10.5
|-
| [[Null vote|Null]]
| align=right| 8,869,790
| align=right| 13.2
|-
| '''Total'''
| align=right| '''67,010,409'''
| align=right| '''100'''
|-
| [[Abstention]]
| colspan=2| 23,265,770<br /><small>(25.7% of voters)</small>
|}
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
!colspan="5"|Government system<ref name="IBEM" />
|-
|- bgcolor="EFEFEF"
! System
! Votes
! % of votes
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] [[Presidential system|Presidentialism]]
| align=right| 37,156,884
| align=right| 55.4
|- 
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentarism]]
| align=right| 16,518,028
| align=right| 24.6
|-
| [[Blank vote|Blank]]
| align=right| 3,467,181
| align=right| 5.2
|-
| [[Null vote|Null]]
| align=right| 9,868,316
| align=right| 14.7
|-
| '''Total'''
| align=right| '''67,010,409'''
| align=right| '''100'''
|-
| [[Abstention]]
| colspan=2| 23,246,143<br /><small>(25.7% of voters)</small>
|}

=== State results ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! State
! {{small|Electorate}}
! {{small|Abstention}}
! {{small|%}}
! Monarchy
! {{small|%}}
! Republic
! {{small|%}}
! {{small|Null votes}}
! {{small|%}}
! {{small|Blank votes}}
! {{small|%}}
|- 
| align="left" | [[Acre (state)|Acre]]
| 237,001
| 102,191
| {{small|43.1%}}
| 11,292
| {{small|11.1%}}
| '''90,520'''
| '''{{small|88.9%}}'''
| 14,376
| {{small|10.6%}}
| 18,622
| {{small|13.8%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Alagoas]]
| 1,041,236
| 325,352
| {{small|31.2%}}
| 64,326
| {{small|13.4%}}
| '''414,747'''
| '''{{small|86.6%}}'''
| 142,350
| {{small|19.8%}}
| 94,461
| {{small|13.2%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Amapá]]
| 169,409
| 73,832
| {{small|43.6%}}
| 8,838
| {{small|10.8%}}
| '''72,743'''
| '''{{small|90.2%}}'''
| 5,554
| {{small|5.8%}}
| 8,442
| {{small|8.8%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]
| 1,012,167
| 470,406
| {{small|46.5%}}
| 63,575
| {{small|13.9%}}
| '''394,427'''
| '''{{small|86.1%}}'''
| 33,207
| {{small|6.1%}}
| 50,552
| {{small|9.3%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Bahia]]
| 6,701,268
| 3,052,930
| {{small|48.5%}}
| 247,454
| {{small|9.4%}}
| '''2,371,859'''
| '''{{small|90.6%}}'''
| 494,347
| {{small|13.5%}}
| 534,678
| {{small|14.6%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Ceará]]
| 3,809,457
| 1,332,959
| {{small|35.0%}}
| 212,748
| {{small|11.4%}}
| '''1,655,965'''
| '''{{small|88.6%}}'''
| 295,062
| {{small|11.9%}}
| 312,723
| {{small|12.6%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Espírito Santo]]
| 1,618,431
| 382,081
| {{small|23.7%}}
| 134,398
| {{small|14.8%}}
| '''773,667'''
| '''{{small|85.2%}}'''
| 188,417
| {{small|10.8%}}
| 139,868
| {{small|11.3%}}
|- 
| align="left" | [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]
| 908,429
| 144,507
| {{small|15.9%}}
| 69,552
| {{small|11.2%}}
| '''550,285'''
| '''{{small|88.8%}}'''
| 94,667
| {{small|12.4%}}
| 49,418
| {{small|6.4%}}
|- 
| align="left" | [[Goiás]]
| 2,514,553
| 766,846
| {{small|30.4%}}
| 174,937
| {{small|13.0%}}
| '''1,171,341'''
| '''{{small|87.0%}}'''
| 215,623
| {{small|12.3%}}
| 185,806
| {{small|10.6%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Maranhão]]
| 2,590,598
| 1,518,669
| {{small|58.6%}}
| 63,094
| {{small|7.3%}}
| '''799,739'''
| '''{{small|92.7%}}'''
| 85,181
| {{small|7.9%}}
| 123,915
| {{small|11.5%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Mato Grosso]]
| 1,196,767
| 480,481
| {{small|40.2%}}
| 75,689
| {{small|13.7%}}
| '''477,506'''
| '''{{small|86.3%}}'''
| 73,411
| {{small|10.2%}}
| 89,680
| {{small|12.5%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]
| 1,127,470
| 288,838
| {{small|25.6%}}
| 92,456
| {{small|14.2%}}
| '''559,890'''
| '''{{small|85.8%}}'''
| 96,569
| {{small|11.5%}}
| 89,717
| {{small|10.7%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Minas Gerais]]
| 10,116,428
| 2,258,639
| {{small|22.3%}}
| 731,714
| {{small|12.8%}}
| '''4,993,712'''
| '''{{small|87.2%}}'''
| 1,200,918
| {{small|15.3%}}
| 931,445
| {{small|11.8%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Pará]]
| 2,616,490
| 1,260,558
| {{small|48.2%}}
| 153,898
| {{small|14.3%}}
| '''922,941'''
| '''{{small|85.7%}}'''
| 113,001
| {{small|8.3%}}
| 166,092
| {{small|12.2%}}
|- 
| align="left" | [[Paraíba]]
| 1,986,739
| 660,655
| {{small|33.2%}}
| 82,876
| {{small|8.7%}}
| '''866,191'''
| '''{{small|91.3%}}'''
| 201,175
| {{small|15.2%}}
| 175,842
| {{small|13.3%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]
| 5,495,947
| 1,189,892
| {{small|21.7%}}
| 420,276
| {{small|12.8%}}
| '''2,855,862'''
| '''{{small|87.2%}}'''
| 611,048
| {{small|14.2%}}
| 418,869
| {{small|9.7%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Pernambuco]]
| 4,247,205
| 1,357,513
| {{small|32.0%}}
| 222,020
| {{small|11.1%}}
| '''1,787,302'''
| '''{{small|88.9%}}'''
| 481,357
| {{small|16.6%}}
| 399,013
| {{small|13.8%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Piauí]]
| 1,857,832
| 613,604
| {{small|33.0%}}
| 48,059
| {{small|4.8%}}
| '''951,774'''
| '''{{small|95.2%}}'''
| 103,191
| {{small|8.3%}}
| 141,204
| {{small|11.3%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]
| 8,732,024
| 1,541,654
| {{small|17.6%}}
| 938,964
| {{small|16.3%}}
| '''4,821,310'''
| '''{{small|83.7%}}'''
| 842,977
| {{small|11.7%}}
| 587,119
| {{small|8.2%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Rio Grande do Norte]]
| 1,417,805
| 441,848
| {{small|31.2%}}
| 58,936
| {{small|8.7%}}
| '''620,418'''
| '''{{small|91.3%}}'''
| 170,266
| {{small|17.4%}}
| 126,337
| {{small|12.9%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Rio Grande do Sul]]
| 6,069,273
| 941,185
| {{small|15.6%}}
| 372,469
| {{small|8.8%}}
| '''3,835,721'''
| '''{{small|91.1%}}'''
| 403,378
| {{small|7.9%}}
| 516,520
| {{small|10.1%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Rondônia]]
| 661,331
| 331,660
| {{small|50.1%}}
| 37,226
| {{small|14.9%}}
| '''213,098'''
| '''{{small|85.1%}}'''
| 35,000
| {{small|10.6%}}
| 44,347
| {{small|13.4%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Roraima]]
| 101,947
| 42,465
| {{small|41.7%}}
| 5,121
| {{small|10.5%}}
| '''43,872'''
| '''{{small|89.5%}}'''
| 4,093
| {{small|6.8%}}
| 6,396
| {{small|10.7%}}
|- 
| align="left" | [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]
| 2,974,926
| 507,669
| {{small|17.0%}}
| 272,577
| {{small|14.5%}}
| '''1,611,149'''
| '''{{small|85.5%}}'''
| 343,173
| {{small|13.9%}}
| 240,328
| {{small|9.7%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
| 19,812,705
| 2,538,737
| {{small|12.8%}}
| 2,210,203
| {{small|16.6%}}
| '''11,109,007'''
| '''{{small|83.4%}}'''
| 2,487,620
| {{small|14.4%}}
| 1,467,136
| {{small|8.5%}}
|- 
| align="left" |[[Sergipe]]
| 891,788
| 291,995
| {{small|32.7%}}
| 48,252
| {{small|11.5%}}
| '''372,350'''
| '''{{small|88.5%}}'''
| 109,413
| {{small|18.2%}}
| 69,778 
| {{small|11.6%}}
|-
| align="left" | [[Tocantins]]
| 621,900
| 348,574
| {{small|56.1%}} 
| 19,601
| {{small|9.3%}}
| '''191,524'''
| '''{{small|90.7%}}'''
| 23,442
| {{small|8.6%}}
| 38,759
| {{small|14.2%}}
|}

[[分類:有參考來源錯誤的頁面]]