「用戶:Politics Notes on the UK Constitution」：修訂間差異
無編輯摘要
（建立內容為「==Constitution== *'''Outlines how a country or society is structured'''. *Includes laws, rules, and customs that guide the political system. *Establishes important government institutions. *Decides who has the power to make decisions. *Safeguards the fundamental rights of citizens through a Bill of Rights. *Prevents the government from abusing its power. *Puts limits on the government through checks and balances. ==Codified Constitution (e.g.US)== *A sing…」的新頁面） |
Politics Notes（對話 | 貢獻） 無編輯摘要 |
||
| 第171行： | 第171行： | ||
***to pass new Acts that overturn unfavourable rulings in the courts | ***to pass new Acts that overturn unfavourable rulings in the courts | ||
***Making it difficult for citizens to engage with the System | ***Making it difficult for citizens to engage with the System | ||
== New Labour and Constitutional Reform 1997-2010 == | |||
Labour emerged victorious from the 1997 GE after promising a program of constitutional reform that was driven by 4 interlocking themes | |||
=== Modernisation === | |||
* The existing institutions like Parliament, the executive branch, and the civil service were seen as outdated and inefficient | |||
* So reforms were proposed to make them more effective and up-to-date. | |||
=== Democratisation === | |||
* The goal was to encourage greater participation in the political process. | |||
* This would be achieved through | |||
** electoral reform | |||
** making the voting system fairer | |||
** and increasing the use of referendums to involve citizens directly in decision-making. | |||
=== Decentralisation === | |||
* Power and decision-making authority would be devolved to new institutions, giving more control to local governments. | |||
* The aim was to enhance the role and influence of local communities in shaping policies and making decisions. | |||
=== Rights === | |||
* The rights of citizens would be strengthened and safeguarded | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!Area | |||
!Reforms | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |Rights | |||
|Human Rights Act 1998: Incorporated the ECHR into UK Law | |||
Rights protected by the HRA include: | |||
* Right to Life | |||
* Right to Liberty and Personal Security | |||
* Right to a Fair Trial | |||
* Respect for Private and Family Life | |||
* Freedom of Thought and Expression | |||
* Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association | |||
* Right to Marry and Start a Family | |||
* Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment | |||
* Freedom from Discrimination | |||
The HRA requires the British Government to ensure that legislation is compatible with the ECHR. | |||
|- | |||
|Freedom of Information Act 2000: Gave greater access to information held by public bodies | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" |Devolution | |||
|The Scottish parliament with primary legislative and tax-raising powers | |||
|- | |||
|The Northern Ireland Assembly with primary legislative powers | |||
|- | |||
|The Welsh Assembly with secondary legislative powers | |||
|- | |||
|A directly elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly | |||
|- | |||
|Elected Mayors in some English authorities | |||
|- | |||
|Electoral Reform | |||
|New electoral systems for devolved assemblies, for the European Parliament and for elected mayors | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |Parliamentary Reform | |||
|All but 92 hereditary peers removed from the Lords | |||
|- | |||
|Limited reforms to the workings of the House of Commons | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" |Judiciary | |||
|Constitutional Reform Act 2005 | |||
|- | |||
|Supreme Court started work in Oct 2009 | |||
|- | |||
|New judicial appointments system | |||
|- | |||
|Changes to the role of the Lord Chancellor | |||
|} | |||