用戶:Hinnia/沙盒6

How far do you agree that the third crusade was more effectively organised than the Second Crusade?

Greater Enemy

Third Crusade

Against a far greater enemy: Saladin

Saladin united Syria and Egypt

Battle of Hattin in 1187 resulted in the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin.

Christian control of Outremer was reduced to Tripoli and Antioch.

In 1189, the crusader states were in a desperate situation.

Saladin was at the peak of Jihadi strength

Second Crusade

The crusaders faced a Muslim enemy at the beginning of Jihadi strength

Most effective first wave

Third Crusade

led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, aged 70, with 15,000 soldiers.

Byzantine Greeks had grown closer to the Turks since the Second Crusade.

Isaac Angelus, the Byzantine emperor, had an agreement with Saladin to delay the German journey.

Frederick's army faced challenges and was not welcomed in the Byzantine Empire.

Isaac prevented markets from being set up, cutting off German supplies.

Frederick's troops seized control of Plovdiv and achieved a decisive victory against the Byzantines at Dhidimotikon.

Isaac realized the conflict wasn't worth it and returned to the September agreement.

Frederick's troops were allowed to cross the Dardanelles in March.

The march across Asia Minor was challenging, with food and supplies running out.

They captured Konya but faced difficulties crossing the River Goksu.

Frederick drowned in the river, causing a profound effect on the army.

Emperor Frederick's death fractured the army and prevented it from turning the tide of the siege.

Second Crusade

Also a German Campaign, nowhere as successful

Conrad's army departed with 8 days of supplies, estimating a 20-day journey, assuming they could acquire supplies along the way.

However, the plan did not go as expected due to Conrad's overconfidence and the lack of control by Manuel I in the area they traveled through.

The crusaders were ambushed by the Turks near Dorylaeum.

Due to inadequate leadership, the crusaders were defeated this time

Resulting in a retreat to Nicaea with a casualty rate of around 17 percent. Many Germans gave up and returned home.

Better Leader

Third Crusade

Sicily and Cyprus

Richard extorted 40,000 gold ounces from Tancred to finance the crusade.

Richard invaded Cyprus on May 6, then sold the island to the Templars for 100,000 bezants.

Acre

Philip arrived at Acre on April 20, 1191, providing vital support for the siege.

Richard joined Philip on June 8 with his fleet and participated in the siege.

Together, their forces destroyed the walls of Acre, and the Muslim garrison surrendered on July 12, 1191.

A month-long argument over the king of Jerusalem delayed progress after the surrender.

Guy Lusignan became king for life, followed by Conrad of Montferrat.

Philip returned to France on July 31, 1191, leaving Richard as the clear commander of the crusade.

Jaffa

Richard initiated a plan to reclaim territory along the coast of Outremer after Philip's departure.

On August 22, 1191, Richard's army began a 70-mile march towards Jaffa.

The army was well-organised, with knights divided into three divisions and marching in columns.

Infantry protected the knights from raids and surprise attacks, while the baggage train marched on the right.

Richard's leadership and careful planning ensured the safe arrival of the crusaders at Jaffa.

Richard monitored the march formation closely and made preparations to maintain its integrity.

Jerusalem

The goal of the Third Crusade was to recapture Jerusalem.

Richard's army advanced slowly towards Jerusalem, securing castles along the way for a supply line.

The army reached Beit Nuba, 12 miles from Jerusalem, on January 3, 1192

but then turned back to refortify the abandoned city of Ascalon.

The decision to turn back was influenced by advice from the Templars and Hospitallers,

who believed that the army could not win and that dealing with Saladin was necessary.

Richard sought a truce with Saladin, resulting in the Christians retaining control of the coastal territory

and allowing Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem's holy shrines.

Richard sailed from Acre on October 9, 1192, marking the end of the Third Crusade.

Second Crusade

Conrad and Louis did not consult with the leaders of Outremer (the Crusader states) before embarking on the Second Crusade.

The crusaders' initial goal was to recapture Edessa, which had been destroyed in 1146.

However, the leaders in Outremer had not communicated to Conrad and Louis that this objective was no longer feasible.

As late as February 1148, Conrad wrote a letter expressing his intention to take Edessa, indicating the lack of knowledge among the crusaders about the situation on the ground.

Upon discovering that Edessa could not be recaptured, the crusaders had to spend four months, from March to June 1148, establishing a new goal for the campaign. This delay hindered their progress into Outremer and incurred additional expenses in maintaining the crusading army.

However

Unlike the unified leadership in the Second Crusade

There is a long-term rivalry between the House of Capet, the rulers of France, and the House of Plantagenet, the rulers of England (Angevin Capetian conflict)

Although

Frederick Barbarossa and Richard are both effective leaders

The rivalries between Richard and Philip hindered the Third Crusade to some extent

Betrothal of Richard and Alice

Richard wanted to marry Berengaria of Navarre for an alliance against his old enemy Count Raymond of Toulouse.

He hid this plan from Philip.

Rival claims to Jerusalem

Two rival claimants:

Conrad: Philip’s cousin

Guy: feudatory of Richard

Increased the strain on the crusade

When Richard arrived at Tyre on 6 June

Conrad refused to allow him entry

Richard was therefore forced to sail directly to Acre and begin the siege without any respite

It caused a delay in the attempt to retake Jerusalem

Because it took so long to make any decisions

When Acre surrendered on 12 July 1191

It took 28 days to decide who the ruler would be

European Politics

Philip returned to France before the Third Crusade was over

John began to explore an alliance with King Philip II of France, who had returned from the crusade in late 1191.

This made Richard anxious and he recommended withdrawal

In the end the third crusade had not recaptured Jerusalem