正在編輯用戶:Hinnia/沙盒/History Notes (Motivations

== Religious Motives ==
Key across all 3 crusades

=== What remained the same ===

==== First Crusade ====

* Urban preached at Clemont 1095
* Charters reveal 60k responded directly to him, at the orders and obedience of Urban
* Knights have been conditioned to fear hell, but Urban offered a new way of salvation

==== Just War Theory ====

* 6th commandment "Thou shall not kill"
* To fight in the crusade the knights would break it
* With help from Matilda of Tuscany and Anselm
** Came up with the assurance they needed
*** Just Cause: liberation of the Holy Land Jerusalem
*** Just Intent: pilgrimage and remission of sins
*** Just Leader: Pope, God’s rep on earth
* Used as a reason in Letter to Bologna
* Not just applicable to 1st crusade
** Developed further throughout the 12th century
** Remained as critical in the 2nd and 3rd crusades

==== Indulgence ====

* Due to political violence in Europe
** Knights were conditioned to fear hell
* Revealed in charter evidence that Urban promised that they would get “remissio peccatorum”
** Remission of all sins for going on crusade
* Again not just applicable to the 1st crusade
** Developed further
*** Plenary Indulgence in 12th century
**** Reassure that crusade was sufficient to secure total remission of sins
**** If a person promised to go on a crusade, would be let off all penalties for sins committed
**** Gift from God, no question of whether earned or not
**** Idea of Treasury of the Church

==== Liberation of Jerusalem ====

* Urban used pollution language
** evidenced by chroniclers such as Baudri of Dol
* Jerusalem was not just under threat
** But was also polluted by the Muslim world
*** Muslims were alien to God
** Jerusalem was under pollution especially the Holy Sepulchre
* Important role in 2nd Crusade
** Crusade was a response to Edessa being captured by Zengi
** Bernard of Clairvaux used Jerusalem to preach crusades
** propaganda value
* Important role in 3rd Crusade
** Crusade was a response to Jerusalem fallen to Saladdin
** Made Jerusalem still more central to crusading

=== What Changed ===

==== Papal influence ====

* Shifts over time
* 1st crusade
** Hugely influential
** Charters evidence obedience to Urban
** 2000 mile preaching tour
** Influence had limitations
** Loss of control due to People’s crusade
* WIth success of 1st Crusade
** Saw it as divine intervention
** Deepened papal influence over crusading
** Papal influence reaches high point
** Kings wanted to be in the crusade
* 2nd crusade
** 2 Kings and Eleanor of Aquitaine support
** Eugenous tightly controlling preaching
** Failure of 2nd crusade in 1148 radically undermines papal authority
* 1148 Damascus crusade fails humiliatingly
** Jihad is on the rise
** Pope keeps calling crusade
** Nobody comes
** Only thing to bring back crusade was fall of Jerusalem to Saladin
** Pope once again able to call crusade

== Political motives ==

=== No pope can enact a crusade without sufficient political context ===

* Religious motive alone cannot call a crusade
* Gregory VII tried to launch crusade
* Nobody came
* Political context not yet sufficient

=== First Crusade ===

* Threat to Byzantium
** Up to 1005, pushed to existential crisis
*** Alexius pleads for help in March
** Seljuk Turks marched through Asia Minor
*** 1005 Kilij Arslan was in Nicea, Turks were at the walls of Constantinople
** For Urban II he was able to give real reality to his plea for a crusade
*** Threat and pollution are not abstract
*** Close and dangerous reality
** 1088 Frankopan argued Urban did not have the power
* Investiture controversy
** Urban was losing
** Antipope Clemont III was in power
** With help of Matilda of Tuscany gets back to Rome
** Henry IV loses influence
*** Wife accuses of sexual depravity+support Urban
*** Conrad turns to Urban
*** Excommunicated
** Allows Urban to have the power and influence to launch crusade
** Sccessfully campaigns to secure Jerusalem
** Would also be a temporal leader in one papal monarch
** May unite Eastern and Western churches
* Papacy was seeking to use crusade to remove violence from Latin Europe
** That violence threatened the papacy

=== II crusade ===
Relationship with Byzantium breaks down

* 1108: crusade against Bzantium
** Byzantines were in alliance with Turks against crusaders
** Crusaders aware not about seeking papal monarchy
* Cannot united eastern and western 
* Shifts to defence of Outremer from Jihadi threat
* 1119: Battle of the field of blood: Jihadi victory
** 1144: fall of Edessa

=== III crusade ===

* Defence of Outremer more of a catalyst
* Loss of Jerusalem
* Richard and Philip drives a new crusade

== Knightly motives ==

=== First Crusade ===

* Charters reveal most crusaders were not in for booty
** Gave away land
** Ready to die in crusade
* What was drawing them: papal reasons
* 60k Crusaders went
** Only 10 percent got there
*** Only 300 knights remain in Jerusalem
**** Reverse of land grab
* Affirms Urban’s influence over knights
* Knights were fundamentally buying into papal motives

=== After the First Crusade ===

* Concept of knighthood changed
** To be knight means to be crusader
* The development of chivalric culture diluted the overwhelming factor of individual religious motive
** Chivalric obligation
*** Chivalric culture meant you had to obey your lord
*** Troubadour Song shows French knights following Louis in 2nd crusade

=== Third Crusade ===

* Richard Lionheart and most knights of England went onCrusade
* Mass noble participation cemented the idea that chivalry and crusading went hand in hand

=== Military Orders ===

* Due to the growing influence of military orders (Templars and Hospitallers)
* Number of knights for life time service increased
* Turned crusading from temporary venture to permanent vocation