用戶:Hinnia/沙盒/History Notes (Motivations

Religious Motives 編輯

Key across all 3 crusades

Urban preached at Clemont 1095
Charters reveal 60k responded directly to him, at the orders and obedience of Urban
Knights have been conditioned to fear hell, but Urban offered a new way of salvation

6th commandment "Thou shall not kill"
To fight in the crusade the knights would break it
With help from Matilda of Tuscany and Anselm
- Came up with the assurance they needed
  - Just Cause: liberation of the Holy Land Jerusalem
  - Just Intent: pilgrimage and remission of sins
  - Just Leader: Pope, God’s rep on earth
Used as a reason in Letter to Bologna
Not just applicable to 1st crusade
- Developed further throughout the 12th century
- Remained as critical in the 2nd and 3rd crusades

Due to political violence in Europe
- Knights were conditioned to fear hell
Revealed in charter evidence that Urban promised that they would get “remissio peccatorum”
- Remission of all sins for going on crusade
Again not just applicable to the 1st crusade
- Developed further
  - Plenary Indulgence in 12th century
    - Reassure that crusade was sufficient to secure total remission of sins
    - If a person promised to go on a crusade, would be let off all penalties for sins committed
    - Gift from God, no question of whether earned or not
    - Idea of Treasury of the Church

Urban used pollution language
- evidenced by chroniclers such as Baudri of Dol
Jerusalem was not just under threat
- But was also polluted by the Muslim world
  - Muslims were alien to God
- Jerusalem was under pollution especially the Holy Sepulchre
Important role in 2nd Crusade
- Crusade was a response to Edessa being captured by Zengi
- Bernard of Clairvaux used Jerusalem to preach crusades
- propaganda value
Important role in 3rd Crusade
- Crusade was a response to Jerusalem fallen to Saladin
- Made Jerusalem still more central to crusading

Shifts over time
1st crusade
- Hugely influential
- Charters evidence obedience to Urban
- 2000 mile preaching tour
- Influence had limitations
- Loss of control due to People’s crusade
WIth success of 1st Crusade
- Saw it as divine intervention
- Deepened papal influence over crusading
- Papal influence reaches high point
- Kings wanted to be in the crusade
2nd crusade
- Conrad III, Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine support
- Eugenius tightly controlling preaching
- Failure of 2nd crusade in 1148 radically undermines papal authority
1148 Damascus crusade fails humiliatingly
- Jihad is on the rise
- Pope keeps calling crusade
- Nobody comes
- Only thing to bring back crusade was fall of Jerusalem to Saladin
- Pope once again able to call crusade

Up to 1005, pushed to existential crisis
- Alexius pleads for help in March
Seljuk Turks marched through Asia Minor
- 1005 Kilij Arslan was in Nicea, Turks were at the walls of Constantinople
For Urban II he was able to give real reality to his plea for a crusade
- Threat and pollution are not abstract
- Close and dangerous reality

Relationship with Byzantium breaks down

1108: crusade against Bzantium
- Byzantines were in alliance with Turks against crusaders
- Crusaders aware not about seeking papal monarchy
Cannot united eastern and western
Shifts to Defence of Outremer from Jihadi threat
1119: Battle of the field of blood: Jihadi victory
- 1144: fall of Edessa

Charters reveal most crusaders were not in for booty
- Gave away land
- Ready to die in crusade
What was drawing them: papal reasons
60k Crusaders went
- Only 10 percent got there
  - Only 300 knights remain in Jerusalem
    - Reverse of land grab
Affirms Urban’s influence over knights
Knights were fundamentally buying into papal motives

Concept of knighthood changed
- To be knight means to be crusader
The development of chivalric culture diluted the overwhelming factor of individual religious motive
- Chivalric obligation
  - Chivalric culture meant you had to obey your lord
  - Troubadour Song shows French knights following Louis in 2nd crusade

Richard Lionheart and most knights of England went on Crusade
Mass noble participation cemented the idea that chivalry and crusading went hand in hand