用戶:Hinnia/沙盒/History Notes (Motivations

Religious Motives

Key across all 3 crusades

What remained the same

First Crusade

• Urban preached at Clemont 1095
• Charters reveal 60k responded directly to him, at the orders and obedience of Urban
• Knights have been conditioned to fear hell, but Urban offered a new way of salvation

Just War Theory

• 6th commandment "Thou shall not kill"
• To fight in the crusade the knights would break it
• With help from Matilda of Tuscany and Anselm
  • Came up with the assurance they needed
    • Just Cause: liberation of the Holy Land Jerusalem
    • Just Intent: pilgrimage and remission of sins
    • Just Leader: Pope, God’s rep on earth
• Used as a reason in Letter to Bologna
• Not just applicable to 1st crusade
  • Developed further throughout the 12th century
  • Remained as critical in the 2nd and 3rd crusades

Indulgence

• Due to political violence in Europe
  • Knights were conditioned to fear hell
• Revealed in charter evidence that Urban promised that they would get “remissio peccatorum”
  • Remission of all sins for going on crusade
• Again not just applicable to the 1st crusade
  • Developed further
    • Plenary Indulgence in 12th century
      • Reassure that crusade was sufficient to secure total remission of sins
      • If a person promised to go on a crusade, would be let off all penalties for sins committed
      • Gift from God, no question of whether earned or not
      • Idea of Treasury of the Church

Liberation of Jerusalem

• Urban used pollution language
  • evidenced by chroniclers such as Baudri of Dol
• Jerusalem was not just under threat
  • But was also polluted by the Muslim world
    • Muslims were alien to God
  • Jerusalem was under pollution especially the Holy Sepulchre
• Important role in 2nd Crusade
  • Crusade was a response to Edessa being captured by Zengi
  • Bernard of Clairvaux used Jerusalem to preach crusades
  • propaganda value
• Important role in 3rd Crusade
  • Crusade was a response to Jerusalem fallen to Saladin
  • Made Jerusalem still more central to crusading

What Changed

Papal influence

• Shifts over time
• 1st crusade
  • Hugely influential
  • Charters evidence obedience to Urban
  • 2000 mile preaching tour
  • Influence had limitations
  • Loss of control due to People’s crusade
• WIth success of 1st Crusade
  • Saw it as divine intervention
  • Deepened papal influence over crusading
  • Papal influence reaches high point
  • Kings wanted to be in the crusade
• 2nd crusade
  • Conrad III, Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine support
  • Eugenius tightly controlling preaching
  • Failure of 2nd crusade in 1148 radically undermines papal authority
• 1148 Damascus crusade fails humiliatingly
  • Jihad is on the rise
  • Pope keeps calling crusade
  • Nobody comes
  • Only thing to bring back crusade was fall of Jerusalem to Saladin
  • Pope once again able to call crusade

Political motives

No pope can enact a crusade without sufficient political context

• Religious motive alone cannot call a crusade
• 1074: Gregory VII tried to launch crusade
• 1165: Alexander III tried to launch crusade
• Nobody came
• Political context not yet sufficient

First Crusade

Threat to Byzantium

• Up to 1005, pushed to existential crisis
  • Alexius pleads for help in March
• Seljuk Turks marched through Asia Minor
  • 1005 Kilij Arslan was in Nicea, Turks were at the walls of Constantinople
• For Urban II he was able to give real reality to his plea for a crusade
  • Threat and pollution are not abstract
  • Close and dangerous reality

Papal Monarchy

• Challenges faced
  • 1088 Frankopan argued Urban did not have the power
  • Henry IV supported the Antipope
  • Gregory VII driven out of Rome after Investiture controversy
  • Urban had to fight against an enemy supported by the German Empire
  • Urban was losing
  • Antipope Clemont III was in power
  • With help of Matilda of Tuscany gets back to Rome
  • Henry IV loses influence
    • Wife accuses of sexual depravity+support Urban
    • Conrad turns to Urban
    • Excommunicated
  • Philip I of France loses power
    • Abandoned his Queen to marry Betrada of Monfort, wife of Count Fulk of Anjou
    • Excommunicated
  • Allows Urban to have the power and influence to launch crusade
  • Sccessfully campaigns to secure Jerusalem
  • Would also be a temporal leader in one papal monarch
  • May unite Eastern and Western churches

Violence

• Violence in France
• Class trained for war (knights)
  • No war=no purpose
• France divided
• Internal conflicts
• That violence threatened the papacy
• Papacy was seeking to use crusade to remove violence from Latin Europe
• Peace of God: protecting certain ppl
• Truce of God: stop all violence on certain days

II crusade

Relationship with Byzantium breaks down

• 1108: crusade against Bzantium
  • Byzantines were in alliance with Turks against crusaders
  • Crusaders aware not about seeking papal monarchy
• Cannot united eastern and western
• Shifts to Defence of Outremer from Jihadi threat
• 1119: Battle of the field of blood: Jihadi victory
  • 1144: fall of Edessa

III crusade

• Defence of Outremer more of a catalyst
• Loss of Jerusalem
• Richard and Philip drives a new crusade

Knightly motives

First Crusade

• Charters reveal most crusaders were not in for booty
  • Gave away land
  • Ready to die in crusade
• What was drawing them: papal reasons
• 60k Crusaders went
  • Only 10 percent got there
    • Only 300 knights remain in Jerusalem
      • Reverse of land grab
• Affirms Urban’s influence over knights
• Knights were fundamentally buying into papal motives

After the First Crusade

• Concept of knighthood changed
  • To be knight means to be crusader
• The development of chivalric culture diluted the overwhelming factor of individual religious motive
  • Chivalric obligation
    • Chivalric culture meant you had to obey your lord
    • Troubadour Song shows French knights following Louis in 2nd crusade

Third Crusade

• Richard Lionheart and most knights of England went on Crusade
• Mass noble participation cemented the idea that chivalry and crusading went hand in hand

Military Orders

• Due to the growing influence of military orders (Templars and Hospitallers)
• Number of knights for life time service increased
• Turned crusading from temporary venture to permanent vocation