用戶:Hinnia/沙盒/History Notes (Leadership

First Crusade Leadership

Leadership

• Certainly responsible for success
• No single commander in chief
• No kings
• Henry IV and Philip I excommunicated
• Princes from various parts of Europe

Initial Division

Attitude towards Pope

• German and Lotharingians supporters of Henry IV
• Raymond of Toulouse supported Pope

Attitude towards Alexius

• Raymond of Toulouse was happy to swear Allegiance
• Bohemond did not wish to be subject to Alexius’s power

Attitude towards Power and Land

• Bohemond and Tancred seeking land
• Robert of Normandy seeking indulgence

First Wave: People’s Crusade

• Peasants army led by Peter the Hermit and Walter Sansavoir
• Caused a lot of trouble
• Shipped across to Asia Minor within a week
• Slaughtered by Kilij Arslan
• Shows how terrible the crusade could have gone without good leadership even with a divided Muslim enemy

Council of Princes

• If the crusade was to succeed
  • Had to overcome differences
• Set hierarchical chain of command
  • Provided a forum in the absence of a single commander for decisions to be reached jointly
• Took Nicea
  • With the help of Tacticius
• Two wave strategy
  • Worked well
  • Suck up pressure from Kilij Arslan
• Dorylaeum
  • Bohemond and Robert of Normandy attacked by the Turks
  • Two princes took up a defensive position
  • With the support of the second wave made the Turks retreat
  • Secures Asia Minor

Bohemond Leadership

Capture of Antioch

• Foraging Strategy
  • Raymond foraged in Ruj Valley
  • Tancred in areas surrounding Harim
  • Ensured supplies
  • Helped them survive
• Financial Support
  • Raymond of Toulouse was very wealthy
  • Used this money to help the Crusaders
  • Built La Mahomerie
• Secret Negotiations
  • Negotiations with someone inside the city
  • Allowed access to Antioch

Secure of Antioch

• Bridge Gate
  • Arranged for his troops to leavee
  • Kerbogha’s troops at other gates would not be able to reach him as the river blocked their path
• 7 divisions
  • Each with a clear leader
  • Help keep the army in formation
  • Thinned out force of Kerbogha
  • While convincing Kerbogha that his army was not an all-out offensive
• Kept back extra troops in a separate division
  • Rearguard
  • Stopped Kerbogha’s first relief force from supporting main force

Siege of Jerusalem

• 5 weeks, rather than 7.5 months like Antioch
• Tactical genius shown
• Crusade leadership maintain unity to the end
• Range of strategies
• Siege tower to enter Jerusalem
• Eastern wall (vulnerable)

Other factors

Popular pressure

• Disagreements after the siege of Antioch
• Crusade faced paralysis
• Stopped for 6 months
• Only because of popular pressure that the First Crusade continued

Muslim World

• Divided into Shia and Sunni
• Sunni would rather align with Crusaders against Shia and vice versa
• Key Central Leaders died at the same time
  • Caused political fragmentation
  • By 1097-99 there was a power vacuum in Asia Miinor
• Princes faced small rival lordships
• Muslims failed to recognise the crusade as an army of religious conquest
• Gave the Crusaders an advantage

Second Crusade Leadership

Leaders

• Eugenius has tight control of preaching
  • No peoples crusade
• Proper Kings
  • Louis VII, the king of France
  • Conrad III, the king of Germany
  • State power and resources
• Unified before heading to Outremer
  • Louis deliberately went with Conrad by land
  • Avoid antagonising Conrad
    • Conrad was in conflict with Scicily
  • In return Conrad offered fleet at Regensburg
• Supposed to be successful
  • Not the case
  • Failure largely due to bad leadership

German Campaign (Octobebr 1147 to June 1148)

• Departed with 8 days of supplies, estimating a 20-day journey
• Assuming they could acquire supplies along the way
• Plan did not go as expected
  • Overconfidence and the lack of control by Manuel I
• The crusaders were ambushed by the Turks near Dorylaeum.
• Retreat to Nicaea with a casualty rate of around 17 percent.

Failure to consult leaders of the crusader states

• Did not consult with the leaders of Outremer (the Crusader states)
• Initial goal: recapture Edessa
  • But was destroyed in 1146
  • Still had same goal in 1148 (Conrad letter)
  • Spent four months to establish new goal
  • Hindered progress into Outremer
  • Incurred additional expenses
• Did not adequately respond to the needs of all the Crusader states
  • Antioch plam, which reflected northern interests
  • Jerusalem plan, which focused on the threat faced by the south
  • Decided to head south to Damascus
• Contributed to delays and misalignment of objectives during the Second Crusade.

Siege of Damascus 1148

• Began successfully
• Attack by King Baldwin III's troops supported by Louis VII's soldiers.
• Conrad III made significant gains
• Goal was to attack the city walls and defeat the garrison
• Changed their plan and attacked a weak point in the eastern walls.
• Bad decision
  • No water or food
  • Exhaustion and retreat after three days.
  • Ended unsuccessfully.

Other factors

Muslim world

• Far more untied
• Much more powerful enemy when compared with first crusade
• 1105: Al Sulami first preaches jihad
• 1146 Nur ad-Din deployed Jihad

Lack of support from the Byzantines

• First Crusade received support from the Byzantine Empire
• Taticius sent to provide crucial guidance and support in battle.
• Second Crusade Manuel I did not have good relations with the two kings
• He did not provide the same support
• Also had a treaty with the Turks
• Betrayed the crusader’s location or plans for their enemy

Third Crusade

Greater Enemy

• Saladin
  • United Syria and Egypt
  • 1187: Captured Jerusalem in the Battle of Hattin
  • Christian control of Outremer reduced to Tripoli and Antioch.
  • 1189: Crusader states were in a desperate situation.
• In the Third crusade
  • Saladin was at the peak of Jihadi strength
• Meanwhile in the second crusade
  • The crusaders faced a Muslim enemy at the beginning of Jihadi strength

German First Wave

• Most effective crusading first wave
  • Led by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, aged 70, with 15k soldiers.
• However
  • German participation began and ended unsuccessfully before Richard I and Philip II arrived.
  • Byzantine had grown closer to the Turks
  • Had an agreement with Saladin to delay the German journey.
  • Frederick's army faced challenges and was not welcomed in the Byzantine Empire.
  • Isaac prevented markets from being set up, cutting off German supplies.
  • Troops seized control of Plovdiv
  • Achieved a decisive victory against the Byzantines at Dhidimotikon.
  • Frederick's troops were allowed to cross the Dardanelles in March.
  • Captured Konya
  • Frederick drowned while crossing River Goksu
• Frederick's death fractured the army and prevented it from turning the tide of the siege.

Richard I's Leadership

Sicily

• Went to Messina to collect his sister's dowry from Count Tancred of Lecce.
• Tancred refused
• Richard attacked Messina and gained control on October 4.
• Richard extorted 40,000 gold ounces from Tancred to finance the crusade.

Cyprus

• Encountered missing ships that were stranded on Cyprus when leaving Sicily
• Invaded Cyprus
• Sold the island to the Templars for 100,000 bezants.

Acre

• Philip arrived at Acre providing vital support for the siege.
• Richard joined Philip with his fleet and participated in the siege.
• Together, their forces destroyed the walls of Acre, and the Muslim garrison surrendered.
• A month-long argument over the king of Jerusalem delayed progress after the surrender.
• Guy Lusignan became king for life, followed by Conrad of Montferrat.
• Philip returned to France on July 31, 1191, leaving Richard as the clear commander of the crusade.

Jaffa

• Richard initiated a plan to reclaim territory along the coast of Outremer
• Began a 70-mile march towards Jaffa.
• Well organised army
• Knights divided into three divisions and marching in columns.
• Infantry protected the knights from raids and surprise attacks
• Baggage train marched on the right.
• Leadership and careful planning ensured the safe arrival of the crusaders at Jaffa.
• Monitored the march formation closely and made preparations to maintain its integrity.

Consulting Local Leaders

Goal of the Third Crusade: Recapture Jerusalem

Army advanced towards Jerusalem

Listened to advice from the Templars and Hospitallers

Believed that the army could not win and that dealing with Saladin was necessary.

Turned back to refortify the abandoned city of Ascalon.

Sought a truce with Saladin

Christians retaining control of the coastal territory

Christian pilgrims allowed access to Jerusalem's holy shrines.

However

*Most disunited leadership

Angevian Capetian conflict

• Long-term rivalry
• Frederick Barbarossa and Richard are both effective leaders
• The rivalries between Richard and Philip hindered the Third Crusade to some extent

Betrothal of Richard and Alice

• Richard wanted to marry Berengaria of Navarre
  • For an alliance against his old enemy Count Raymond of Toulouse.
• He hid this plan from Philip.

Rival claims to Jerusalem

• Two rival claimants:
  • Conrad: Philip’s cousin
  • Guy: feudatory of Richard
• Increased the strain on the crusade
• When Richard arrived at Tyre on 6 June
  • Conrad refused to allow him entry
  • Richard forced to sail directly to Acre and begin the siege without any respite
• Caused delay in the attempt to retake Jerusalem