用戶:Hinnia/沙盒/History Notes (Leadership

First Crusade Motivations

Peasants army led by Peter the Hermit and Walter Sansavoir
Caused a lot of trouble
Shipped across to Asia Minor within a week
Slaughtered by Kilij Arslan
Shows how terrible the crusade could have gone without good leadership even with a divided Muslim enemy

If the crusade was to succeed
- Had to overcome differences
Set hierarchical chain of command
- Provided a forum in the absence of a single commander for decisions to be reached jointly
Took Nicea
- With the help of Tacticius
Two wave strategy
- Worked well
- Suck up pressure from Kilij Arslan
Dorylaeum
- Bohemond and Robert of Normandy attacked by the Turks
- Two princes took up a defensive position
- With the support of the second wave made the Turks retreat
- Secures Asia Minor

Foraging Strategy
- Raymond foraged in Ruj Valley
- Tancred in areas surrounding Harim
- Ensured supplies
- Helped them survive
Financial Support
- Raymond of Toulouse was very wealthy
- Used this money to help the Crusaders
- Built La Mahomerie
Secret Negotiations
- Negotiations with someone inside the city
- Allowed access to Antioch

Bridge Gate
- Arranged for his troops to leavee
- Kerbogha’s troops at other gates would not be able to reach him as the river blocked their path
7 divisions
- Each with a clear leader
- Help keep the army in formation
- Thinned out force of Kerbogha
- While convincing Kerbogha that his army was not an all-out offensive
Kept back extra troops in a separate division
- Rearguard
- Stopped Kerbogha’s first relief force from supporting main force

Divided into Shia and Sunni
Sunni would rather align with Crusaders against Shia and vice versa
Key Central Leaders died at the same time
- Caused political fragmentation
- By 1097-99 there was a power vacuum in Asia Miinor
Princes faced small rival lordships
Muslims failed to recognise the crusade as an army of religious conquest
Gave the Crusaders an advantage

Eugenius has tight control of preaching
- No peoples crusade
Proper Kings
- Louis VII, the king of France
- Conrad III, the king of Germany
- State power and resources
Unified before heading to Outremer
- Louis deliberately went with Conrad by land
- Avoid antagonising Conrad
  - Conrad was in conflict with Scicily
- In return Conrad offered fleet at Regensburg
Supposed to be successful
- Not the case
- Failure largely due to bad leadership

Departed with 8 days of supplies, estimating a 20-day journey
Assuming they could acquire supplies along the way
Plan did not go as expected
- Overconfidence and the lack of control by Manuel I
The crusaders were ambushed by the Turks near Dorylaeum.
Retreat to Nicaea with a casualty rate of around 17 percent.

Did not consult with the leaders of Outremer (the Crusader states)
Initial goal: recapture Edessa
- But was destroyed in 1146
- Still had same goal in 1148 (Conrad letter)
- Spent four months to establish new goal
- Hindered progress into Outremer
- Incurred additional expenses
Did not adequately respond to the needs of all the Crusader states
- Antioch plam, which reflected northern interests
- Jerusalem plan, which focused on the threat faced by the south
- Decided to head south to Damascus
Contributed to delays and misalignment of objectives during the Second Crusade.

Began successfully
Attack by King Baldwin III's troops supported by Louis VII's soldiers.
Conrad III made significant gains
Goal was to attack the city walls and defeat the garrison
Changed their plan and attacked a weak point in the eastern walls.
Bad decision
- No water or food
- Exhaustion and retreat after three days.
- Ended unsuccessfully.